The English contract Offer and Acceptance :: essays papers

The English contract Offer and Acceptance General principles There are three basic essentials to the creation of contract which will be recognised and enforced by the courts. These are: contractual intention, agreement and consideration. The Definition of Offer. This is an expression of willingness to contract made with the intention (actual or apparent) that it shall become binding on the offeror as soon as the person to whom it is addressed accepts it. An offer can be made to one person or a group of persons or to the world at large. The offeror is bound to fulfil the terms of his offer once it is accepted. The offer may be made in writing, by words or conduct. Unilateral – some offers are purely one sided, made without the offeror’s having any idea whether they will ever be taken up and accepted, and thereby be transformed into a contract. For example when an advertisement where a person is rewarding another one if he finds his pet (which was lost). In this case the person who is making such an offer is not sure whether this offer will be ever accepted. Bilateral – The majority of offers are Bilateral. While it is not always true, most people make an offer to one named offeree or a small group of parties. Most contracts are made with both parties present on a face-to-face basis. Invitation to treat An invitation to treat made by one party to another is not an offer. An invitation to treat is made at a preliminary stage in the making of an agreement, where one party seeks to ascertain whether the other would be willing to enter into a contract and, if so, upon what terms. To distinguish between an offer and an invitation to treat it is necessary to look at the intention of the person making it. It is not an offer unless it was made with the intention that it should be binding as soon as the person to whom it was addressed communicates hi assent. Some examples of invitations to treat are: Display of goods in shops ï‚ · Advertisement (which can be of bilateral transaction or unilateral contract) ï‚ · Ticket cases ï‚ · Auction sales ï‚ · Tenders ï‚ · Subject to contract Duration and termination of offer An offer continues in existence, capable of acceptance until it is brought to an end. It occurs in six ways ï‚ · Revocation ï‚ · Rejection by the offeree ï‚ · Lapse of time ï‚ · Occurrence of a terminating conditions

Chemistry 1 Lab Report

Experiment 12: Calorimetry and Hess’s Law Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to determine the enthalpy of reaction for the burning of one mole of magnesium in oxygen. Although the reaction is exothermic, the ? HRXN will be determined by using calorimetry and then using Hess’s Law to manipulate the data collected to yield the answer needed. Procedures: Dillon, Stephanie. â€Å" Calorimetry and Hess’s Law. † Laboratory Manual. Pearson Publishing, 2012, pp. 168-177. Data and Results Part A Volume of cold water| 49. 9 mL| Temperature of cold water (in cup)| 23. 50 C| Volume of hot water| 49. 9 mL| Temperature of hot water(in cup)| 550 C|Part A Calculations Mass of cold water| 49. 9 g| Tf from graph by extrapolation| 34. 90 C| ?THW for hot water| -20. 1| ?TCW for cold water| 11. 4| qHW for hot water| -4196. 5 J| qcw for cold water| 2380. 1 J| qCal for the cup| 1816. 4 J| Ccup for the cup| 159. 3 J| Part B Description of sample| Metal fizzed when dissolved in H Cl| Volume of HCl| 100 mL| Initial Temperature| 220 C| Mass of Mg| 0. 1485 g| Part B Calculations Tf from graph| 50 C| Mass of HCl| 100 g| ?TCW for HCl| -2092 J| qHCl for solution| -204. 4 J| qCal for cup| -2296. 4 J| qRXN | -47594 J| ?HRXN for Mg| | NET REACTION: 2HCl(aq) + Mg(s)>MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)Part C Description of sample| | Volume of HCl| 100 mL| Temperature of HCl| 220 C| Mass of MgO| 0. 5052 g| Part C Calculations Tf from graph| 240 C| ?TCW for HCl| 1. 50 C| qHCl for HCl| 627. 6 J| qCal for cup| 61. 32 J| qRXN| 608. 92 J| ?HRXN for Mgo| 55469 J/mol| Net Equation: 2HCl(aq) + MgO(s)>MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) Calculations: Conclusion: In this experiment we had to find the heat capacity of the calorimeter cup using two trials of hot and cold water. When we obtained the data after 10 minutes of recording 30 second intervals of the calorimeter cup temperature, we created a line graph to show the trend line. Read this Practice Test Chem 105With the trend line, we could figure out the final temperature and delta H in the process. With the equation we could find the heat of reation for hot water q HW = m c DTHW and using qCW = m c DTCW we could find the heat of reaction for cold water. By using |qHW| = |qCW |+ qCal, we can find the heat of reaction of the cup and multiply that by the change in temperature to find the heat capacity. After placing Mg into HCl and then the same thing with MgO, we could find the heat of solution of HCl with q CW = m c DTHCl.When we found the values of DHRxn for B and C we can use Hess's Law, which is shown in the calculations section. All the data is in the data section of the report. The percent error of Mg was about 30%. The actual value of Mg was 601200 J/mol and the experiment we obtained was 420611 J/mol. There could have been human error in order to obtain the results that could have accounted for the 30% error, although this is not so high. Also, the he at of formation we used was MgO(s) for the actual value, although in the experiment it was a gas. This could have also accounted for some error.

How Do Bees Communicate

As social insects living in a colony, honey bees must communicate with one another. Honey bees use movement, odor cues, and even food exchanges to share information. Honey Bees Communicate Through Movement (Dance Language) Honey bee workers perform a series of movements, often referred to as the waggle dance, to teach other workers the location of food sources more than 150 meters from the hive. Scout bees fly from the colony in search of pollen and nectar. If successful in finding good supplies of food, the scouts return to the hive and dances on the honeycomb. The honey bee first walks straight ahead, vigorously shaking its abdomen and producing a buzzing sound with the beat of its wings. The distance and speed of this movement communicates the distance of the foraging site to the others. Communicating direction becomes more complex, as the dancing bee aligns her body in the direction of the food, relative to the sun. The entire dance pattern is a figure-eight, with the bee repeating the straight portion of the movement each time it circles to the center again. Honey bees also use two variations of the waggle dance to direct others to food sources closer to home. The round dance, a series of narrow circular movements, alerts colony members to the presence of food within 50 meters of the hive. This dance only communicates the direction of the supply, not the distance. The sickle dance, a crescent-shaped pattern of moves, alerts workers to food supplies within 50-150 meters from the hive. The honey bee dance was observed and noted by Aristotle as early as 330 BC. Karl von Frisch, a professor of zoology in Munich, Germany, earned the Nobel Prize in 1973 for his groundbreaking research on this dance language. His book The Dance Language and Orientation of Bees, published in 1967, presents fifty years of research on honey bee communication. Honey Bees Communicate Through Odor Cues (Pheromones) Odor cues also transmit important information to members of the honey bee colony. Pheromones produced by the queen control reproduction in the hive. She emits pheromones that keep female workers disinterested in mating​ and also uses pheromones to encourage male drones to mate with her. The queen bee produces a unique odor that tells the community she is alive and well. When a beekeeper introduces a new queen to a colony, she must keep the queen in a separate cage within the hive for several days, to familiarize the bees with her smell. Pheromones play a role in the defense of the hive as well. When a worker honey bee stings, it produces a pheromone that alerts her fellow workers to the threat. Thats why a careless intruder may suffer numerous stings if a honey bee colony is disturbed. In addition to the waggle dance, honey bees use odor cues from food sources to transmit information to other bees. Some researchers believe the scout bees carry the unique smells of flowers they visit on their bodies, and that these odors must be present for the waggle dance to work. Using a robotic honey bee programmed to perform the waggle dance, scientists noticed the followers could fly the proper distance and direction, but were unable to identify the specific food source present there. When the floral odor was added to the robotic honey bee, other workers could locate the flowers. After performing the waggle dance, the scout bees may share some of the foraged food with the following workers, to communicate the quality of the food supply available at the location. Sources The Honey Bee Dance Language, published by North Carolina Cooperative Extension ServiceInformation Sheets published by The University of Arizona Africanized Honey Bee Education Project.